The famous British philosopher, mathematician and public figure Bertrand Russell became famous as a prose writer. Russell wrote scholarly works on mathematical logic, theory of knowledge, philosophy. He is called the founder of British neo-positivism and is neo-realizable.
The father of the future figure was Prime Minister Lord Ambley. Other relatives of Bertrand Arthur William Russell were distinguished by their high status and education.
The beginning of a scientific career
The biography of the scientist began in 1872. The baby was born on May 18 at Trillek, the Ravenscroft estate in Monmouthshire. The boy's parents passed away early. Three grandchildren were raised by a grandmother. She provided all of them with an excellent education. As a child, Bertrand showed brilliant talent for mathematics. In 1889 he entered Trinity College, Cambridge.
In 1894, the gifted young man received a bachelor of arts degree. Russell studied empiricism, researched the works of John Locke and David Hume. In 1895 the young man was admitted to the scientific society of the college, and two years later he successfully defended his dissertation "On the foundations of geometry."
Russell, after completing his studies as an honorary attaché of Britain, visited Paris, Berlin, USA. At home, Russell presented the Cambridge lectures with the book A Critical Interpretation of the Philosophy of Leibniz.
In 1900, the figure participated in a philosophical congress held in Paris. Based on the works of Giuseppe Peano and Gottlieb Frege, he wrote the book "Principles of Mathematics", where he presented his own interpretation of symbolic logic. The publication of the work took place in 1903 and made the author famous.
The philosopher conducted his study of the common in logic and mathematics from 1910 to 1913. The result was a three-volume work "Basic Mathematics". In a work written with Whitefed, the authors argued that philosophy treats all natural disciplines, making logic the basis for all research. Scientists separated philosophy from theology and ethics, making it a scientific basis for the analysis of the phenomenon.
Recognition and merit
The main authors deduced the empirical, calling everything else subjective. Continuing his reflections on this topic, Russell concluded that the method of cognition was unique. In 1904, the scientist read lectures at Harvard, published as a separate work. In them, the author discussed the evidence of experience in philosophy and the meaning of hypotheses.
In 1918 the "Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy" was written. In the twenties, the scientist published "Analysis of Thinking", "Fundamentals of the Atom", "Fundamentals of Relativity", "Analysis of Matter".
During a trip to Asia, the philosopher taught at the University of Beijing and wrote The Problem of China. From 1924 to 1931 Russell lectured in the United States. The activist lived in America since 1935. He was appointed professor at City College in New York. In his lectures, he predicted the growing importance of cinema, press and radio.
After returning to England, Bertrand began working again at Trinity College, lecturing on the radio. Russell was awarded the Order of Merit. The Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded to the scientist for his "Unpopular Essays" published in 1950.
Often the philosopher took part in thematic conferences as a speaker. The scientist actively advocated nuclear disarmament since 1954. Russell joined the "Committee of 100". In 1962, the leader wrote to Kennedy and Khrushchev about the need for peace talks on the Cuban missile crisis.
Family and vocation
Beginning in 1963, the scientist's attention was attracted by the work of the Atlantic Peace Fund and his own organization aimed at ending the nuclear race.
Despite the active scientific and social position, the scientist did not forget about his personal life. The figure was married 4 times. Alice Smith became his first wife. Russell met his future wife while studying at Trinity College.
In a young family, disagreements began almost immediately after the wedding. The union quickly collapsed. Russell began several new romances that ended in breakups.
In 1916 began a long-term passion for the actress Constance Malleson, which lasted three decades.
Views on the education system
Dora Black, who accompanied the scientist as a secretary during a trip to Russia, became the second wife of the activist. The family had two children, a son John and a daughter Kate. The parents decided that a new school was needed to raise the kids. The couple founded "Bacon Hill" in 1927. Its main activity was the education of problematic young children. The educational institution encouraged the self-expression of students. The institution operated before the start of the war.
According to the philosopher, education should take place in kindness. He called the separation of children by origin, sex, nationality or race unacceptable. Russell called the main task a change in the existing system in England.
The main works in the field of democratization of education were the essays "On Education", "Marriage and Morality", "Education and Social System".
The family soon broke up. The scientist married Patricia Spencer again. A son, Konrad, appeared in the marriage, however, this union was short-lived. After his divorce in 1952, the philosopher registered a relationship with the writer Edith Fing. They united their public views.
Russell did not hide his own thoughts. He championed the theory of free love, trust and truth in relationships. The famous figure passed away in 1970, on February 2.
After Russell, there were many works on the study of the history of philosophy. One of the most famous works is his "Autobiography", which reflected the entire difficult evolution of the scientist's views.
