Russian is the most widely spoken language in Europe. Many wonderful literary works have been created on it, which are included in the golden fund of the culture of mankind. It is also one of the working languages of the UN, along with English, French, Chinese, Arabic and Spanish. How did the Russian language come about?
Instructions
Step 1
During the existence of Ancient Russia, its inhabitants spoke in various East Slavic dialects, which were very different from the modern norms of the Russian language. Then, after the baptism of Russia at the end of the 10th century, the so-called Church Slavonic language used in divine services began to exert a great influence on colloquial speech. For a long time, it was he who was used as the official written language. The first monument of Old Russian literature, written in the Church Slavonic language, is the Novgorod Code, dating back to the beginning of the 11th century.
Step 2
The inhabitants of ancient Russia adopted many words from the peoples with whom they had to contact - for example, the Greeks (Byzantines) who brought Christianity, the nomadic peoples of Turkic origin, as well as the Scandinavians (Varangians).
Step 3
Gradually, on the territory of the ancient Russian principalities, two main groups of dialects began to take shape: northern and southern dialects. They differed in some characteristic features. So, for example, for the northern dialect "okanie" is noteworthy, and for the southern - "akane". An intermediate variant between these main groups was the Central Russian dialects. It was to the Central Russian dialects that Moscow belonged.
Step 4
As Moscow became the center of the Russian lands, the Moscow dialect became more and more widespread, displacing other dialects. After getting rid of the Mongol-Tatar yoke, and especially after the adoption by the Moscow grand dukes of the royal title, it began to be considered the official state language. In the XVI-XVII centuries. the Russian language was replenished with many new words of Latin, Polish and German origin.
Step 5
In the era of Peter the Great, a reform of the Russian language was carried out with the aim of making it simpler and more accessible for learning. In addition, at the same time, the language was enriched with many new words that came from Holland, Germany and France. And under Catherine II, at the end of the 18th century, a new letter "E" entered the Russian alphabet.
Step 6
After the October Revolution of 1917, the final version of the Russian alphabet, consisting of 33 letters, was formed. In addition, as a result of the rapid development of the media, mass literacy training and large-scale migration of the population, the official Russian language has almost completely replaced numerous dialects from circulation.
