Each sphere of public life is characterized by the use of the associated style of communication and writing. Knowledge of the styles of speech gives an idea of what language means should be used in a given situation.
Speech style concept
Styles of speech serve any spheres of human life, and therefore each style is distinguished by two characteristics: the sphere of communication and the purpose of communication. Style is a historically developed system of linguistic means and methods of their organization, which is used in a certain area of human communication (public life): the sphere of science, official business relations, mass propaganda, verbal and artistic creativity, the sphere of everyday communication.
There are five styles of speech in Russian: colloquial; art; journalistic; formal business; scientific. In general, all styles of speech can be divided into two large groups: colloquial style on the one hand and book styles of speech (artistic, journalistic, official business, scientific) on the other. All styles of the Russian language are characterized by their main functions, leading style features and linguistic features.
Conversational style
Conversational style is appropriate for informal communication, since its purpose is communication between people. Since the speech is not prepared in advance during a conversation, the characteristic features of this style are the incompleteness of expressed thoughts and emotionality. In different eras, the colloquial style had its own lexical and grammatical features, and the culture of colloquial speech can be used to judge the general level of culture of individuals, any social group or nation as a whole.
The basis of the colloquial style is formed by neutral means of language, that is, words used in all styles of speech: family, go, lunch, etc. A smaller percentage is made up of colloquial words (blur out, hostel), vernacular (now, just now) and jargon (boy, grandmother) … A feature of the syntactic construction of the colloquial style is the use of mostly incomplete sentences (Natasha is home, he is behind her.). In addition, gestures and facial expressions play an important role, replacing a piece of information that could be expressed in words.
Book styles
There are four styles of speech among books.
The scientific style is used in the field of scientific activity and is implemented, as a rule, in dissertations, coursework, control and diploma works. The main feature of this style is consistency, clarity and the absence of any emotion from the author.
The journalistic style is used not only for the purpose of conveying this or that information, but also for the purpose of influencing the feelings and thoughts of listeners or readers. It is typical for speeches at various meetings, newspaper articles, analytical and news programs. Emotionality and expressiveness are inherent in the journalistic style.
The official business style is characterized by a lack of emotionality in presentation, standard and conservatism. It is used when writing laws, orders, and various legal documents. The standard of writing is expressed in the writing of these documents according to the established scheme - a template.
The artistic style differs from other book styles in that the author can use almost any of the above styles when writing his works. And since literature reflects all spheres of human life, it uses vernacular, and dialects, and jargon.
